Genetics, Genomics, and Molecular Biology
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1. DNA & The Blueprint of Life
DNA Replication (Semi-conservative model)
DNA Damage & Repair Mechanisms
2. Chromosomes & Genome Organization
Chromosome Structure & DNA Packaging
Human Genome Project Overview
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Genome Organization
Gene Structure: Promoters, Exons, Introns, Enhancers
3. Genes & Alleles
Genes as Recipes (Story analogy
)
Alleles and Variations (Blue/Green/Brown eyes example)
Dominant vs Recessive Traits
Mendelian Inheritance Laws
4. Mutations & Polymorphisms
Types of Mutations: Silent, Missense, Nonsense, Frameshift
DNA Polymorphisms (SNPs, CNVs, Microsatellites)
Mutation vs Polymorphism
Effects of Mutations on Proteins
5. Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
Transcription (mRNA synthesis)
Post-Transcriptional Modifications (Splicing, Capping, Polyadenylation)
Translation (Genetic Code & Codons)
Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins & Histones
6. Epigenetics & Gene Regulation
DNA Methylation & Genomic Imprinting
Histone Modifications (Acetylation, Methylation, Phosphorylation)
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Development & Disease
Environmental Influence on Epigenetics (Diet, Stress, Space Travel
)
7. Gene Expression & Transcriptome
Types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, snRNA)
Tissue-Specific Gene Expression
Alternative Splicing (Story: Remixed Songs
)
Methods to Detect Gene Expression (Microarrays, RNA-seq, qPCR)
8. Genomics in Action
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
Copy Number Variations (CNVs) in Disease
Mitochondrial & Chloroplast Genomes (Endosymbiosis)
Non-coding DNA: LINEs, SINEs, Pseudogenes
9. Molecular Techniques
PCR & Its Types (Conventional, RT-PCR, qPCR, Multiplex, Digital)
Gel Electrophoresis & DNA Sequencing
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing
Cloning & Recombinant DNA Technology
10. Human Genome & Inheritance
Structure of the Human Genome
Mendelian vs Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Pedigree Analysis
Applications in Medicine & Space Biology