Genetics, Genomics, and Molecular Biology

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1. DNA & The Blueprint of Life

2. Chromosomes & Genome Organization

  • Chromosome Structure & DNA Packaging

  • Human Genome Project Overview

  • Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Genome Organization

  • Gene Structure: Promoters, Exons, Introns, Enhancers

3. Genes & Alleles

  • Genes as Recipes (Story analogy 📖)

  • Alleles and Variations (Blue/Green/Brown eyes example)

  • Dominant vs Recessive Traits

  • Mendelian Inheritance Laws

4. Mutations & Polymorphisms

  • Types of Mutations: Silent, Missense, Nonsense, Frameshift

  • DNA Polymorphisms (SNPs, CNVs, Microsatellites)

  • Mutation vs Polymorphism

  • Effects of Mutations on Proteins

5. Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein

  • Transcription (mRNA synthesis)

  • Post-Transcriptional Modifications (Splicing, Capping, Polyadenylation)

  • Translation (Genetic Code & Codons)

  • Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins & Histones

6. Epigenetics & Gene Regulation

  • DNA Methylation & Genomic Imprinting

  • Histone Modifications (Acetylation, Methylation, Phosphorylation)

  • Epigenetic Mechanisms in Development & Disease

  • Environmental Influence on Epigenetics (Diet, Stress, Space Travel 🚀)

7. Gene Expression & Transcriptome

  • Types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, snRNA)

  • Tissue-Specific Gene Expression

  • Alternative Splicing (Story: Remixed Songs 🎶)

  • Methods to Detect Gene Expression (Microarrays, RNA-seq, qPCR)

8. Genomics in Action

  • Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

  • Copy Number Variations (CNVs) in Disease

  • Mitochondrial & Chloroplast Genomes (Endosymbiosis)

  • Non-coding DNA: LINEs, SINEs, Pseudogenes

9. Molecular Techniques
  • PCR & Its Types (Conventional, RT-PCR, qPCR, Multiplex, Digital)

  • Gel Electrophoresis & DNA Sequencing

  • CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing

  • Cloning & Recombinant DNA Technology

10. Human Genome & Inheritance
  • Structure of the Human Genome

  • Mendelian vs Non-Mendelian Inheritance

  • Pedigree Analysis

  • Applications in Medicine & Space Biology